Enhancing Geo-Polymer Concrete Strength with Sustainable Ceramic Tile Waste as Partial Sand Replacement

Abstract

Concrete has long been the most widely used construction material due to its strength, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. However, conventional concrete production, particularly the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as the primary binder, significantly contributes to environmental degradation. Cement manufacturing is responsible for the emission of approximately 0.8 to 1 ton of CO₂ per ton of cement produced, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels and the processing of raw materials.