Development of Lightweight High-Performance Concrete with Fly Ash and EPS Beads as Sustainable Partial Replacements

Abstract

In modern construction, concrete remains the fundamental building material, used across a diverse range of structures from residential buildings to high-rise skyscrapers. Traditionally, concrete consists of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and admixtures, with variations depending on specific requirements. However, the excessive extraction of natural sand from riverbeds has led to severe environmental issues, including riverbank erosion, loss of aquatic habitats, and disruptions in water flow, making sand an increasingly scarce and expensive resource. Additionally, cement production is a major contributor to CO₂ emissions, exacerbating global climate change.