Religious Minorities in Islam: Between Tolerance and Extremism

Abstract

This study analyzes and extrapolates the situation of religious minorities or what Muslim jurists call them Dhimmis under Islamic domination. 
and this study concluded that their situation varied between gentleness and cruelty, freedom and persecution. this result was  based on different attitudes, circumstances and versions . but most are generally and mainly related to political reasons, whims ,religious and sectarian conflicts. Furthermore, these doctrinal provisions of the dhimmists were developed on the basis of Omar covenant , which some hadithic studies question its authenticity, in addition the textual comparisons of the different versions of the document, as well as its comparison with the agreement of Omar with Elijah people  reinforces this suspicion.